Glucocorticoid-induced diabetes mellitus: mechanisms, risk factors, and clinical pathways with insights from autoimmune rheumatic diseases
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion, action, or both. Glucocorticoid-induced DM (GIDM) is a clinically significant subtype, especially in rheumatology, where glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely used for the managemen…