Immunometabolic mechanisms of osteosarcopenic obesity: chronic inflammation, trained immunity, and systemic immune dysregulation.
Osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO)-the co-occurrence of osteoporosis/osteopenia, sarcopenia, and excess adiposity-is increasingly recognized in ageing populations and is strongly linked to frailty, fractures, disability, and cardiometabolic complications. However, heterogeneous opera…